Layer 1 An Overview For those of you not fimilar Layer 1 refers to the first layer of the OSI model, the physical layer. This layer is technially where 1’s and 0’s cross a medium. But ask any IT professional sometimes just getting the right power is hardm let alone getting the right cable. I will quick cover some of the basics of the In most cases the medium used for communications is, Fiber Optics, Twised Pair Copper, and Radio Frequecy (Wireless)....
Layer 1 - Radio Frequncy (RF)
Wireless Security with WPA2 (802.11i) TLDR WEP is insecure WPA1 / WPA using TKIP is also insecure WPA2 is most secure (ensure KRACK is patched) 802.11i is complicated Old Wireless Security WEP / WPA'1' WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Old and Insecure [See Aircrack-NG] (https://www.aircrack-ng.org/) Stream Cipher RC4 CRC-32 Checksum -WPA1 (AKA WPA using TKIP) Has similar attack vectors as WEP **Note 802.11 Authentication: has 802.11 Management Frame called “Authentication” this is not related to any real authentication and is just part of wireless association… again not authentication, who names this stuff **...
TLDR; Force a captive portal to appear be going to a any HTTP not HTTPS website like http://canireachthe.net OS’s use HTTP probes to check Internet connectivity (this could break from time to time) Consider using DHCP Option 114 for better Captive Portal redirection, read me at #Advanced Captive Portal Detection Captive Portal Detection Different Operating Systems and some Applications have similar but distinct methods to detect if a network is using a Splash page or Captive Portal....